conjugation.nonfinite.participle
The past participle: -ado, -ido
-ar verbs form it in -ado (hablado), -er/-ir verbs in -ido (comido, vivido). Invariable after haber; agreeing like an adjective elsewhere.
conjugationA2standardinternally_reviewedv1.0.0
Explanation
Formation is mechanical: stem + -ado for -ar verbs, stem + -ido for -er and -ir verbs. When the stem ends in a strong vowel, -ído takes an accent: leído, caído, oído, traído (but construido, no accent after u).
After haber, the participle never changes: hemos hablado, ella ha vivido. Used as an adjective or with estar/ser, it agrees in gender and number: la puerta está cerrada, casas construidas en 1980.
A dozen verbs have irregular participles (hecho, visto, dicho...) — see the irregular participles rule.
Examples
I have lived here three years.
Region: global
The store is closed.
Region: global
I've never read that book.
Region: global